PHONEMES AND PHONOLOGICAL PROCESSES

Once the minimum vocabulary is acquired because it’s very difficult to communicate successfully with variable pronunciations of all words, children adopt strategy used in nature adult phonological systems: they represent words in phonemes.

Children speech at this stage is also distinguished from that of adults because phonological processes are used in different ways. As we have seen, adults’ speech is full assimilations, deletions, metatheses, and so on. Child speech simply has more of these. Secondly, children speech exhibits a greater variety of processes than does the speech of the adults in their home environments. Yet children learning English as their native language device final consonants as well, as the examples below indicate: pig (bik), bib (bIp), egg (  k).

Because processes in children’s speech are very predictable, the following generalizations can be made:

Processes are universal. Roughly the same processes are found in all child speech, regardless of the adult language the child is learning. It means that however phonological development is eventually explained, it must be attributed to learning strategies which are more complex than imitation. Indeed, children must sometimes unlearn certain processes.

 Children start with a large number of processes eliminating them as adult pronunciation is achieved. Of the processes mentioned above, assimilation are more widespread in child speech than in adult speech but the substitutions like those mentioned above must be eliminated entirely, since they don’t exist in normal adult speech at all.

Source: Dr. Sujoko, MA. Psycholinguistics Module: UNS

 
                                                                                                            

First Words

The next major task in the acquisition of phonology involves understanding the words as a link between sound and meaning. The first, children acquire the concept of a word at the approximate age of 12-16 months. These first words show tremendous variability in pronunciation. Some may be perfect adults pronunciations, others may be so distorted that they are comprehensible only to the child’s closest companions. Still vary considerable in their pronunciation from one occasion to the next. Because of this instability, psychologists have come to believe that children do not show an understanding of phonemes in their first words.

                                                                                                                      

Babbling

At the six months, normal children in all cultures begin to babble, producing long sequences of vowels and consonants. Babbling resemble adult language in a number of important respects.

Psycholinguistic and linguists have concluded that babbling has at least two functions, there are:

Babbling serves primarily as practice for later speech. This is intuitively plausible because the fine motor movements necessary for accurate articulation are exercised extensively during babbling indeed, babbling children produce a greater variety of sounds.

Children babble for social reward. According to some psychologists, babbling is the child’s first experienced with the social character of language. Evidence for the importance of the social factor in babbling comes from the study of severely neglected children.

According to one hypothesis, children babble because language development involves a process of biological maturation. Thus babbling occurs automatically when the relevant structure in the brain reach a critical level of development.  

Source: Dr. Sujoko, MA. Psycholinguistics Module. UNS.

                                                                                                         

Pidato

Assalamu'alaikum Wr.Wb

Our esquire headmaster, Mr. Sarjito, M.Pd,

Our esquire teachers in junior high school 81 Wonogiri

And all of my beloved friend

First, let us give thanks to god because He has been giving us one of his blessings in the form of health, in this morning we can gather in this place.

Here I will improve about how to keep our body healthy.

Health is not everything, but without healthy everything is not valuable, so we need to keep our healthy. But how to make it?. These are some tips to keep our healthy. The first is familiarizing with healthy life style, it means to keep our body and our environment clean. Then, manage our food that wanted we eat such as avoid junk food and change your food with fruits and vegetables. After that, we must keep our environment clean. The second is taking more times to rest. The third is having physical exercise every morning because in the morning, the air is very fresh and it’s good for our health. The last, we also need to keep our soul to stay healthy like praying to God, saw an entertainment, refreshing with our family in interesting places.

I think that’s enough from me, if there were any mistakes I do apologize.

Thank you very much for your attention.

Wassalamu'alaikum Wr.Wb
                                                                                                                 
                                                                                                                      

My Vacation With Big Family

The last holiday was a funny day for us because I and my family visited a beautiful beach. The name of the beach is Nampu beach. It is located on South of Wonogiri. It is about 80 kilometers from the down town.

Before we started to go there, we prepared many things in the morning. We brought some foods and beverages, such as fried rice, omelet, fried chicken, chocolate wafers, potato chips, water and orange juice. We didn’t forget about the swimsuit, umbrella, and fishing rod. Before going to the beach, I ask my friends, Doni and Budi, to join us going to the beach. At 7.30 a.m. we started to go to the beach. We went there by car. It needs about 1,5 hours to reach it. When we were already 15 minutes journey, my mother remembered something. She forgot to bring her pocket that prepared before. So, my father came back to the house to take the pocket and the journey was continued. On the way to reached there, I, my brother, and my friends sang a songs and my mother was fast asleep. After the 60 minutes journey, we felt some shocks caused by the broke down of the road. So, my father slowed down the car’s speed. It was need 45 minutes longer to reach the location.

At 9.45 a.m. we arrived in the location. Then, we bought tickets in the entrance the beach. When we entered on the shore, we interested to see the panoramas around it. The sea looked blue combine with green from the coconut trees along the coastline made us overawed (kagum). After we were finished to enjoy the panoramas, we prepare our tools that used to do some activities on there. I and my friends wanted to swimming.  Before swimming, we changed our clothes first. Besides that, my parent was sunbathing in the shore and my brother fishing near the rock bound. When I and my friends swum, we saw the ship throws away the waste from the factory. It caused the water color turn into dark brown. It was also caused the stench around the sea. So, we decided to swim on the other place of the beach. At 11 a.m. we felt so hungry, so, we decided to eat the foods that we had brought before. After we finished our lunch, we decided to go home. So, I and my friends took a bath to clean our body, while my parents and my brother packed many things that we brought before. When we finished cleaning our body, we went to the parking area as soon as possible to find the car. On the way home, we slept because of the tiredness. We arrived at home at 5 o’clock.

That was a very exhausting day, but I felt so happy that I could have a holiday with my family and my friends.